Each varna had specific duties and responsibilities, with Brahmins occupying the highest position and Shudras the lowest. This rigid social order defined people's occupations, rights, and social status, often limiting mobility between varnas. For example, Brahmins held significant influence and were associated with religious and intellectual pursuits, while Shudras faced social restrictions and were relegated to menial tasks.

Jatis and Occupational Guilds:

Within the varna system, society was further divided into numerous subgroups known as jatis. Jatis were based on occupation and kinship ties, forming distinct communities with their own customs, traditions, and regulations. Occupational guilds or Shrenis played a vital role in the social and economic life of Gupta society. These guilds consisted of individuals belonging to the same occupation or trade, working together to regulate their professions, ensure quality standards, and protect their interests. For instance, the guilds of traders and merchants facilitated commerce and provided support networks for business activities.

Women in  Society:

Society displayed a patriarchal structure, with men holding positions of power and authority. However, women still played significant roles within their limited sphere. Women from noble families had access to education and were expected to maintain household duties and participate in religious ceremonies. Some notable examples of influential women during the Gupta period include Kumaradevi, who was the chief queen of Chandragupta II, and Queen Didda of Kashmir, who ruled independently and was known for her political acumen.

Slavery and Servitude:

Society had a system of slavery and servitude, where individuals were bound to servitude due to debt, capture in warfare, or as a result of being born into slave families. Slaves performed various tasks, such as household chores, agricultural labor, and service to the elite. However, it is important to note that the scale of slavery during the Gupta period was relatively limited compared to some earlier and later periods in Indian history.

Social Mobility:

While the varna system imposed restrictions on social mobility, there were avenues for upward mobility within the  society. Exceptional individuals who displayed talent, intelligence, or extraordinary skills could transcend their social positions. Education, particularly in fields such as literature, arts, and sciences, provided opportunities for social advancement. For example, scholars like Aryabhata and Varahamihira rose to prominence despite their non-Brahmin backgrounds, gaining recognition for their contributions to mathematics and astronomy.